This page contains the detailed and easy notes for Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry State Of Matter for revision and understanding.
| SOLIDS | LIQUIDS | GASES |
| Particles are close to each other. | Particles are slightly closer to each other. | Particles are far apart. |
| Have fixed shape | Do not have fixed shape | Do not have fixed shape |
| Strong forces between the particles | Weak forces between the particles | Very weak forces between the particles. |
| Have definite volume | Have fixed volume | Do not have fixed volume |
| cannot be compressed | Can be compressed | Highly compressible |
| Cannot flow | Can flow | Can flow |
Ions – charged atoms with unequal number of protons and electrons
Ionic Bonding — bond formed between a metal and a non metal which involves complete transfer of electrons from metal to a non metal
Dot and Cross — diagram that show transfer of electron in an ionic bond or sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonding— bonding between two non metals which involves sharing of electrons.
Metallic Bonding— bonding in metals which involves strong electrostatic forces of attraction between fixed positive ions and delocalised electrons.
Intermolecular Forces — The forces between the molecules which determines the melting or a boiling point.
Giant Covalent Molecules — Covalently bonded molecules which forms large giant structure
Polymers – Molecules which are made up of many repeating units
Delocalised electrons — Mobile electrons that are free to move as they are not associated with a bond or an atom.
Fullerene— Allotrope of carbon which forms a cage like structure like bucky ball.
Graphene— Allotrope of carbon which is equivalent to single layer of graphite
Alloys— Mixture of metals with another metal or a non metal.
Nanoparticles- particles which are of the size of 1 nm to 100 nm_
Nanoscience—lt is the branch of science that deals with nanoparticles
State Of Matter-Different forms that a matter can take They are solids, liquids and gas
Solids — States of matter with fixed shape and volume.
Liquids— States of matter without fixed shape but fixed volume.
Gases— States of matter with fixed shape and volume.
Q1 Name the type of bonding in the following compounds :
Q2 Draw dot and cross diagram to represent bonding in the following
Q3 Differentiate Between Diamond and Graphite
| DIAMOND | GRAPHITE |
| It is hard. | It is soft and greasy. |
| It is an insulator | It is a conductor |
| It has a high density. | It has a lower density than diamond. |
| Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms giving it a strong rigid structure | Carbon atoms are bonded in the form of layer in the form of hexagons. No covalent bonding between the layers so they can slide past. Each carbon atom is bonded with three other carbon leaving the fourth electron has delocalized |
| No delocalised electrons present | It has delocalised electrons |
| Used in cutting or jewellery | It is used in pencil leads. |
Q4 Why Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solids ?
In solids, the ions are held together by strong electrostatic force of attraction in the giant ionic lattice. In molten state the ions are free to move therefore conduct electricity
Q5 Why Alloys are stronger than metals
Alloys are the mixture of metals which distors the regular arrangement of metal as a result of which layers are not able to slide past each other making alloys stronger than metals.
Q6 Why alumunium has a stronger melting point than sodium
Aluminium has a greater charge. Due to greater charge of aluminium there is a stronger electrostatic forces of attraction between fixed positive ions and delocalised elecctrons. As a result aluminium has a greater melting point than sodium.
Q7 What are nanoparticles? Write the properties and applications of nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are the particles between the size of 1 to 100 nm_ Due to smaller size they have large surface area to volume ratio making them highly useful in medicine, catalysts, cosmetics and electronic industry.
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