This page contains the AQA GCSE Biology B7 Non-Communicable Disease kerboodle answers for revision and understanding .This page also contains the link to the notes and video for the revision of this topic.
1. a. A non-communicable disease cannot be passed from
one individual to another.
b. The main differences between a communicable disease
and a non-communicable disease Communicable disease can pass from one individual to
other by contact or other means while non communicable disease can
spread. Communicable disease have some factors and agents of
spreading.
2. a. leading causes of death in the world is Road accident.
b. 22.7 million people people died as a result of a non-communicable disease
c. Approximately-78% people died as a result of a non-communicable disease
3. Difference between risk factors, correlations, and
causal mechanisms are :
Correlation -Similarity between lifestyle factors and non
communicable disease is called correlation. Cancer with lifestyle
factors such as lack of exercise or smoking. These similarities may
suggest a link or relationship between the two, known as
a correlation.
Risk factors-Most noncommunicable diseases are the result of four
particular behaviors (tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet,
and the harmful use of alcohol) that lead to four
key metabolic/physiological changes (raised blood pressure,
overweight/obesity, raised blood glucose and raised cholesterol).
Casual mechanism- It is the mechanism by which the disease is caused
.first we have to find the correlation between the disease and the risk
factors and then find the actual or particular cause of the disease.
Banner 2 B 7.2 Cancer AQA GCSE Biology B7 Non-Communicable Disease: Page no. 102
1. a. A tumor is Uncontrolled cell division which forms the masses of cells is called
tumor.
b. the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant
tumor are: Growths of abnormal cells confined to one place, usually within a
membrane. They do not migrate to other parts of the body . A benign
tumor can grow very large, very quickly. They can spread around the
body, invading neighboring healthy tissues. A malignant tumor is often
referred to as cancer. Tumor splits up and release small clumps of
cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
c. Both types of tumor can cause serious health problems as they can interrupt with the functioning of various body parts and cause them to dysfunction.A benign tumor can be life threatening which is in the brain . They have several other implications also such as
fatigue in body. Pain in the body is caused by the tumors .Appetite
patterns also get changed.loss of fertility and other secondary effects.
2. a. Cancer cells tend to form new cells more quickly than normal cells and
this makes them a better target for chemotherapy drugs. However,
chemo drugs can’t tell the difference between healthy cells and cancer
cells. This means normal cells are damaged along with the cancer cells,
and this causes side effects. Each time chemo is given, it means trying to
find a balance between killing the cancer cells (in order to cure or
control the disease) and sparing the normal cells
b. healthy hair, skin, blood, and stomach lining cells are particularly badly affected by the drugs used to treat cancer because these drugs used in chemotherapy. Hair loss occurs because
chemotherapy targets all rapidly dividing cells—healthy cells as well as
cancer cells. Hair follicles, the structures in the skin filled with tiny blood
vessels that make hair, are some of the fastest-growing cells in the body.
If you’re not in cancer treatment, your hair follicles divide every 23 to 72
hours. But as the chemo does its work against cancer cells, it also
destroys hair cells. Within a few weeks of starting chemo, you may lose
some or all of your hair. They affect in the same way to skin and follicles
.
3. 1. Radiotherapy– Destruction of cancer cells by targeted doses of
radiation. It stops mitosis in the cancer cells .It can also damage healthy
cells. Very targeted ways for ionizing radiations are improving cure
rates.
2. Chemotherapy– Use of chemicals to either stop the cancer cells
dividing .There are many different types of chemotherapy and scientists
are working to make them as specific to cancer cells as possible.
Banner 3 B 7.3 Smoking and the risk of disease AQA GCSE Biology B7 Non-Communicable Disease: Page no. 105
1. a. components of tobacco smoke are Nicotine,Carbon monoxide, Tar
b. effect the three components you gave in part a have on the human body:
Addictive substance present in tobacco smoke is- Nicotine.
It is harmless but it produces a sensation of calm, well-being, and
‘being able to cope’and this is why people like smoking
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas found in tobacco smoke . It takes up some of the oxygen-carrying capacity of your blood.
After smoking a cigarette, up to 10% of the blood will be carrying carbon monoxide rather than oxygen.
Tar –Toxic compounds in tobacco smoke. A sticky, black chemical that accumulates in the
lungs which turns them from pink to grey.
3. By Summarising the information given that cigarette smoking increases
the risk of developing lung cancer and explain how scientists think this effect is caused.
Smoking can make cilia and flagella to stop working for a time, allowing dirt and
pathogens down into the lungs and increasing the risk of infections.The cilia in
the trachea and bronchi that move mucus, bacteria, and dirt away from the
lungs are anaesthetised by some of the chemicals in tobacco smoke.Tar -Toxic
compound found in tobacco smoke . A sticky, black chemical that accumulates in
the lungs which turns them from pink to grey. Bronchitis is developed by tar
which is the inflammation of lungs.Tar acts on the delicate cells of the lungs and
greatly increases the risk of lung cancer developing so tar is also a carcinogen
4. Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely than other women to have
a miscarriage.
Smoking can cause
-premature births
-low birth weight babies-even stillbirths, where the baby is born dead. Smoking during pregnancy can cause a baby to be born early or to have low birth weight—making it more likely
the baby will be sick and have to stay in the hospital longer. A few babies may
even die.Smoking during and after pregnancy is a risk factor of Sudden infant
death syndrome SIDS is an infant death for which a cause of the death cannot be
Health care for cancer, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases from
smoking costs tens of billions of dollars per year. Yet those costs are
likely far exceeded by costs from bereavement, lost productivity, pain
and suffering, and health care for debilities from smoking. Being a
smoker at the age of 30 cuts a man’s life expectancy by 5½ years, and
a woman’s by more than 6½, according to life tables produced by the
Institute of Actuaries. At any age up to 80, the chances of dying in the
next year are virtually doubled by being a smoker, the tables indicate.
Banner 4 B 7.4 Diet, exercise, and disease AQA GCSE Biology B7 Non-Communicable Disease: Page no. 107
1. people who exercise regularly are usually healthier than people who take little exercise because regularly exercising people make bigger muscles, up to 40% of their body mass, and muscle tissue needs much more energy to be transferred from food than body fat.
Tissue needs much more energy to be transferred from food than
body fat. People who exercise regularly have fitter hearts and bigger
lungs than people who don’t exercise.
Exercise doesn’t mean time spent training in the gym but walking to
school, running around the house looking after small children, or
doing a physically active job all count as exercise too.
2. Exercise and obesity are often linked because it depends on your
lifestyle. When you are living with so much weight the risks for diabetes deve.
increases Risk factors -The evidence that being overweight or obese and
not doing much exercise are risk factors for type 2 diabetes at any age.
By 2025, an estimated 4 million people in the UK will have diabetes and
90% of those cases will be type 2. Solution- people can restore their
normal blood glucose balance simply by eating a balanced diet with
controlled amounts of carbohydrate, losing weight.
3. Risk of suffering of people who exercise regularly is much lesser than the
people who do not exercise. Because their metabolism increases as a
result of it the intake of food is properly utilized in the body .
4. Type 2 diabetes has been described as an epidemic. It was observed that if it is an epidemic, it is an epidemic that particularly affects women. By Looking at the data in Figure 2 and discuss these statements, taking into account the scientific evidence. The reasons for the observations and how the ‘epidemic’ might be controlled. Getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days. Anything that gets your heart rate up and causes you to sweat a little is beneficial.
Eating foods that will keep your blood sugar levels in check. That means
choosing high-fiber foods, swapping out white starchy foods for whole
grains, putting lots of vegetables on your plate, and steering clear of
sweetened beverages, including fruit juice.
Many women now have type 2 diabetes during their childbearing years
A healthy pregnancy is certainly possible with diabetes, but it takes extra
care.
You need a plan to keep your blood sugar level under control and during
pregnancy the goals for blood sugars are very different.
Type 2 diabetes might also worsen sexual problems that can happen
during menopause like vaginal dryness.
Banner 5 B 7.5 Alcohol and other carcinogens AQA GCSE Biology B7 Non-Communicable Disease: Page no. 109
1.a. A carcinogen is a substance which can mutate the genome of a cell and cause cancer
is called carcinogen.
b. three different carcinogens:
1. Ultraviolet light from the sun – this increases the risk of skin cancers
such as melanoma (protection includes sunscreen and sensible
clothing).
2. Radioactive materials found in the soil, water, and air (including
radon gas in granite-rich areas such as Cornwall and the Pennines).
3. Accidents in nuclear power generation, especially accidents such as
the one in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986, can spread ionising radiation
over wide areas.
2. men and women died of alcohol-related diseases per
100000 of the population in 19929+4=13 per 100000 men and women died in 1992.
b. 8+19=27 per 100000 men and women died of alcohol-related in 2008.
c. Deaths due to alcohol intake rises by the time because people used to
drink alcohol in excessive amount which is very dangerous. Regular drinking of alcohol leads to renal failure and slowly leads to death. People drink alcohol and drive which increases the risk of accident.
d. Alcohol should remain a legal drug because if it is intake in small and reasonable quantities it is very beneficial for the body . Harmful is the excessive intake which increases the risk.
In colder areas alcohol is also provide some relief towards cold as body produces more heat while utilizing alcohol.
Baneer 6 Summary Questions: Page No. 110
1. a. A disease that cannot be passed from one person to another is called non-communicable disease.
b. Anything that you choose to do in life that may increase or lower your
risk of developing certain non-communicable diseases, or have no
effect at all.
1. By doing exercise
2. By drinking heavily
3. Smoking
c. Correlation between a lifestyle factor and a non-communicable disease is when data shows similar pattern between lifestyle factor and incidence of non-communicable disease so it appears that one is linked to the other. There are patterns present for every disease which are used to find casual relation are called correlation.
ii. a causal link between a lifestyle factor and a particular disease is when scientists have evidence of how lifestyle factor affects body and causes particular communicable disease or increases risk of it occurring is called Causal link.
2. a. A sample of tissue is from the non-smoker as we can see that alveoli of B are broken which are very common in smokers.
b. the main symptoms of COPD are : Shortness of breath during physical activities, Tight feeling in chest. Having to clear your throat first thing in the morning, due to excess
mucus in your lungs. A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear,
white, yellow or greenish.
c. Tar present in cigarettes cause COPD. The elasticity of the air sacs enables this exchange to occur smoothly. However, people who regularly smoke or who are frequently exposed to secondhand smoke eventually develop lung damage. This allows less air to flow in and out
of the airways due to the:
Increased production of mucus in the airways, causing air obstruction.
Cigarette smoke contains harmful toxins that affect lung functionality.
Toxins that are inhaled directly into the lungs over prolonged periods
of time can lead to severe lung irritation, triggering the onset of COPD.
As long-term exposure to tobacco smoke continues, the lungs become
even more damaged. This leads to inflammation and degradation
d. i. smoking-related diseases are bronchitis and lung cancer
ii. Number of cigarettes smoked and the time someone has been a smoker affects their risk of developing a smoking-related disease. As a person smoke more cigarette, the deteriorating chemicals accumulates more in body. When a person smokes longer then exposure is greater and as a result of it higher the risk of disease.
3. a. i. Annual death rate per 100000 men aged 55-64 who smoke 1—14 cigarettes a day is 700
ii. Death rate for non-smoker aged 45–54: 100 per 100 000 men death rate for smoker aged 45–54 smoking more than 25 cigarettes a day: 390 per 100 000 men 390/100 = 3.9 times higher
b. Death rate for smokers higher in every age group because they are exposed to chemicals that cause potentially fatal diseases. Death rate increases with age as people are more susceptible to damage as they get older and they have usually been smoking for
longer so their tissues have been exposed to cigarette smoke for longer
4. a. body organs are most affected by a large amount of alcohol over a long period of time are liver and brain
b. it is unsafe for someone to drive when they have been drinking alcohol because:
Reaction Time– Alcohol can slow reflexes, which can decrease the
ability to react swiftly to changing situations.
Vision – Alcohol can slow eye muscle function, alter eye movement,
and alter visual perception, possibly resulting in blurred vision. Night
vision and color perception also can be impaired.
Tracking – Alcohol can decrease the ability to judge the car’s position
on the road, or the location of other vehicles, center line, or road
signs.
Concentration – Alcohol may cause attention to driving to decrease
and/or drowsiness to occur.
Comprehension – Alcohol can hinder the ability to make rational
decisions
Coordination – Reduced eye/hand/foot coordination can be caused by
drinking too much alcohol.
c. Alcohol is closely linked to violence and crime because alcohol use is legal and pervasive, it plays a particularly strong role in the relationship to crime and other social problems. Alcohol is a factor in 40% of all violent crimes today, and according to the
Department of Justice, 37% of almost 2 million convicted offenders
currently in jail, report that they were drinking at the time of their
arrest. Alcohol is often a factor in violence where the attacker and the victim
know each other. Two-thirds of victims who were attacked by an intimate reported that
alcohol had been involved, and only 31% of victimizations by strangers
are alcohol-related. Nearly 500,000 incidents between intimates
involve offenders who have been drinking; in addition, 118,000
incidents of family violence involve alcohol, as do 744,000 incidents
among acquaintances.
d. Pregnant women are advised not to drink alcohol, even though
scientists do not have clear evidence of exactly what level of alcohol
consumption is sale for the unborn baby. The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) describes the range of alcohol effects on a child. The problems range from mild to severe.
Alcohol can cause a child to have physical or mental problems that may last all of his or her life.
The effects of alcohol can include:
Distinctive facial features. A child may have a small head, flat face, and
narrow eye openings, for instance. This gets more obvious by age 2 or 3 years.
Growth problems. Children who were exposed to alcohol before they were born may be smaller than other children of the same age.
Learning and behaviour problems.
Birth defects.
Problems bonding
Heavy alcohol use during pregnancy can also lead to miscarriage,
stillbirth, or a baby being born early.
5. a. obesity inEngland between 1996 and 2005 increase steadily.
b. reasons for the observed trend in obesity are:
1. There is increase in availability of food
2. The money with the people is also increasing, as a result of it, consumer is having the high buying capacity.
3. Lifestyle of the people changes, rates of exercise fallen
c. This Data depicts connection between upsurge in obesity and increase in cases of type 2 diabetes. If people who are overheavy and have type 2 diabetes lose weight and exercise more, type 2 diabetes can be overturned. This is robust evidence of a link between the two. Body cells will respond less to the insulin as an effect of obesity.
Banner 7 Practice Questions: Page No. 111
01.liver disease – alcohol
skin cancer – ionising radiation
type 2 diabetes – obesity
02.1. A woman has a mass of 92kg and a height of 1.7 m.
Her BMI is 31.834.
02.2. The relative risk for this woman of developing type 2 diabetes is 40.
02.3. As BMI increases risk of developing diabetes increases.
02.4. Age is one other factor that can affect a person’s risk of
developing Type 2 diabetes.
02.5. By measuring the amount of sugar in urine and blood a person can confirms that he has the diabetes or not.
02.6. If it was confirmed the man had diabetes the doctor would
recommend some changes the man could make to his lifestyle.
Changes the man could make to help control his diabetes are:
If a person suffered from diabetes type 2 then the person has to say
no to sugar or to eat very less amount of sugar.They have to regularly inject the insulin into blood to get the glucose utilized from the blood.
03.1. Mitosis occurs in cancer cells
03.2. A cancer can spread to different parts of the
Body as Cancer cells break off from the site of occurrence and travel to different parts of the body by the medium of blood to the nearby tissue or somewhere else in the body.
03.3. three conclusions that can be made from Figure 2 are:
Men are more prone to lung cancer than that of women. number of deaths from lung cancer has increased over the years. the average number of cigarettes smoked per person per year has
increased over the years.
03.4. Coronary heart disease associated with smoking cigarettes.
04. Health is a state of physical and mental well-being. Hereby some
things are prescribes a person could do and things they could avoid, in order
to stay healthy.
Things a person should do:
1. Eating a balanced diet – We have to do a balanced diet to
control weight .
2. Regular Exercise – to control weight to maintain the heart / bones
– In order to maintain joint mobility
– muscle strength / reaction time
– to improve mood
3. Get enough sleep -Proper rest to the body
4. We have to do regular health checks and vaccinations as necessary
Things to avoid:
1. Smoking – can cause cancer / heart disease / circulatory problems /
lung disorders
2. Too much alcohol -can cause liver disease-affect brain function
Banner 8
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